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<text id=93TT0531>
<title>
Nov. 15, 1993: The Arts & Media:Books
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
Nov. 15, 1993 A Christian In Winter:Billy Graham
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
THE ARTS & MEDIA, Page 98
Books
The Great Enunciator
</hdr>
<body>
<p>The first of a two-volume biography maps the divided soul of
W.E.B. Du Bois
</p>
<p>By R.Z. SHEPPARD
</p>
<p> William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born an African American
in 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, and died an American
African 95 years later in Accra, Ghana. His lifetime included
two Johnson Administrations (Andrew's and Lyndon's) and stretched
from the betrayal of Reconstruction to the unfinished dream
of civil rights. He was "the Old Man" to generations of black
leaders and Moses to their followers. But Old Testament robes
were a poor fit, as David Levering Lewis' painstaking scholarship
makes clear in W.E.B. Du Bois, the first of a two-part biography
(Henry Holt; 735 pages; $35).
</p>
<p> Du Bois was cut out to be a modern intellectual: conflicted,
inconsistent and alienated from the conditions and customs of
the race he strove to transform. To begin with, he was a Northerner
and nearly as white as he was black. There were Dutch and French
as well as West African branches on his family tree. He was
a child prodigy who became an editor, activist (he was a founder
of the N.A.A.C.P.) and writer. His best-known book, The Souls
of Black Folk (1903), gave new dimension to understanding racism
through the concept of double consciousness, which he described
as "this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes
of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that
looks on in amused contempt and pity." Lewis, who holds the
Martin Luther King Jr. chair in history at Rutgers, puts ideas
on an equal footing with his cast of characters. They include
Booker T. Washington, founder of Tuskegee Institute and Du Bois'
principal rival for the souls of black folk. "The Great Accommodator,"
as Washington was known, stressed vocational training as the
road to progress. Aim higher, was Du Bois' response, especially
meant for the ears of those he called "the talented tenth,"
men and women like himself.
</p>
<p> This was brave talk in a society where descendants of slaves
had traditionally been admired for their muscles, not their
mind. Du Bois' program for broadening education has been well
documented, but Lewis demonstrates the extent to which the Old
Man fought to make African Americans heirs to their own intellectual
and cultural past.
</p>
<p> More than any other black leader, Du Bois gave his people a
story of their own. To charges that he was an imaginative historian
he replied, "There is little danger of long misleading here,
for the champions of white folk are legion." Yet for all his
insights, he was uneasy about his own identity. His writings
are full of references to skin tone, the lighter the more becoming.
"This subtext of proud hybridization is so prevalent," Lewis
writes, "that the failure to notice it in the literature about
him is as remarkable as the complex itself."
</p>
<p> Did this ironic racism contribute to Du Bois' aloofness and
inability to work and play well with others? Did it underlie
his conflicting positions on racial inclusion and separatism?
The second volume of this impressive study of a divided soul
should provide some answers. They are necessary if people of
all tints are to find common ground in their own flawed natures.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>